CHAPTER 2       WORD-CLASSES (Part of speach system)

There are in Vulcan (V.) isolatable units which can be classified as
either free forms or bound forms. We can distinguish among six word-classes.

1a:     Action-words, e.g. Kroy (stop), Imroy (walk), Ran (kill), 
        Spara (eat), Tichoy (live), Matoy (die).

1b:     State-words, e.g. Kya [kaia] (exist), Kyani (non-exist); e.g. with
        interrog. particle - Qa kya qa kyani - (interrog. exist, interrog.
        non-exist) or loosely translated "To be or not to be".
        others: Mata (be dead), Tich (be alive) etc.

2a:     Sentient-entity words, e.g. t'hyla (Friend/lover etc), Sehlat (
        Vulcan "teddy-bear"), Le'matya (Omnivorous Vulcan predator), Horta
        ( sentient sillicon-based living thing).

2b:     Non-Sentient-entity words, e.g. Kreyla (Vulcan biscuits), Ka'athyra
        (Stringed musical instrument) etc.

This division does not correspond to carbon- vs. non-carbon based dichotomy.
 
3:      Deictic words; there are five degrees of deixis:
        1. this here (visible), e.g.     i-plak (this blood)
        2. this near (not visible) e.g.  e-plak (this blood)
        3. that these (visible) e.g.     a-plak (that blood)
        4. that these (not visible) e.g. u-plak (that blood)
        5. that (distantial) e.g.        o-plak (that blood)

Under Deictic words, we include in this description what is generally
described as the system of personal pronouns. This system distinguishes
between the categories of inclusive (we-speakers + you-listeners) and
exclusive (we-speakers - you-listeners) in 1st person plural. It also
distinguishes between five degrees of Deixis in the 3rd person. And it
also has a special paradigm for honorific ( suffix -kan (elder/more honorific)
and -kam (to younger (effectianate) honorific. e.g. when Spock speaks with
Savik he address her as Savikam). 

SINGULAR:

1.      th' I                           th'kan(m) I-hon.        
2.      s'  you                         s'kan(m)  you-hon.
3.1.    iw' he (visible)                iw'kan(m) he-hon.
3.2.    ew' he (not visible)            ew'kan(m) 
3.3.    aw' he (visible: see above)     aw'kan(m)
3.4.    uw' he (not visib. see above)   uw'kan(m)
3.5.    ow' he (distantial)             ow'kan(m)
3.2.1   iwl' she (visible)              iwl'kan(m)
        .
        .
        .
3.2.5  owl' she (distantial)            owl'kan(m)
3.3.1  in'  it (visible)
3.3.2  en'  it (not visib. see above)   "it" can have honorific
       .                                 form when applied to 'sexless'
       .                                 sentient phenomena
3.3.5  on'

PLURAL

1. the's' we (inclusive)                the's'kan(m) we hon.
   the'   we (exclusive)                the'kan(m)
2. se'    you                           se'kan(m)
3.1  iwe' they (m.vis.)                 iwe'kan(m)
     .
     .
        
3.2. iwle' they(f.vis.)                 iwle'kan(m)
       ,
       .
3.3. ine'  they (n.vis.)                ine'kan(m)
      .
     etc

e.g. plaks'ran (leukokupricytosis) lit.  "blood you kill"


4: QUALIFIERS

4.a. Qualifiers of antity-words, e.g. Krup (blue), Sbah (red),
     e.g. "Spock'at krupat'oram u-plak" (Spock{gen. poss} green that-invisible
     -blood), or (That green blood of Mr. Spock) and "Kirk'at sbah i-plaplak"
     (This red [precious] blood of Kirk)*. Other qualifiers are e.g. near
     ditant, large, small etc.

4.b. Qualifiers of action/state words. e.g. Brax (fast) as in e.g.
     " Brax imroy" (walk fast), or, "Brax imimroykah" (walk very fast!!)**.

* cf. explication of colours: Literally; Krupat'oram< (blue)+at'or (0.7+0.3)
      + ram (Yellow)=blueish green (Colours will be delt with later, numbers
      too).

** See below for intensive reduplication.

5: NUMBER WORDS.

Vulcan has pentagonal system. Also there are many words axpresions dealing
with calculative vocabulary of the Vulcans and only the most basic is
given below.

1=ri'           6=ti'
2=ra'           7=ta'
3=ro'           8=to'
4=re'           9=te'
5=ru'          10=tu'

0=i'

Vulcan has also specific words for fractions from 0.1 to 0.9 ;

0.1 = ir, 0.2 = ar, 0.3 = or, 0.4 = er, 0.5 = ur, 
0.6 = it, 0.7 = at, 0.8 = ot, 0.9 = et.

e.g. 2.156 = ra'irurit
    10.461 = tu'eritir (said at great speed).

On the pentagonal system is based the system applying to entity-words
expressive specially of quantities from 1 to 5; thus we have singular,
dual, trial, quatral and quintal. In Archaic Vulcan there are traces
of these systems in the verb, expressed by incorporation of numeral
forms. e.g. (you-2 stop-emphesis-command): in modern Vulcan;
"s'ra' krokroykah"  
in ancient Vulcan; " s'ra' krokroyRAkah"  or e.g. (you-3-humans walk-fast)
in mod. Vulcan; "s'ro' qomiro' brax imroykah" {ancient; imroyRAkah).
"qomiru" = five humans, BUT ti'qomie = six humans.


6: PARTICLES.

Particles are free (emphasis, interrogation-words etc) or bound forms used
prefixed, infixed or sufixed with free forms as auxiliaries: "qa" interog.
prefix e.g. "qaram" = interrog + kill;  "nirsh" =no, not, "a:" =yes.

7: CONJUNCTIONS ETC.

ong = and e.g. Spockong Kirkong (Spock and Kirk)
azh = or  e.g. "Spockazh Kirkazh" (Spock or Kirk)
niazh = neg. or e.g. " Spockniazh Kirkniazh" (neither Spock nor Kirk)
ni-+-a not A but B e.g. niSpock Kirka (not Spock but Kirk)
uks = but 
etc.

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