CHAPTER 6: ACTION-STATE WORDS.

6.1. There is no abstract "verb" (state-word) 'to be'. "Being" always
     refers to a concrete state/situation/quality/quantity, i.e. '
     being so-and-so' e.g. 'to be alone', 'to be sick', to be red',
     'to be tall', to be alive', to be dead' etc.

    There is no copula "is" either. Equotional sentences are expressed by 
    simple juxtaposition in a certain syntactic order: X Y , where X=
    old information, Y = new information.

    Thus 'Spock is tall' is literally 'Spock talls' and 'Spock is commander'
    is 'Spock (X) - commander (Y).

6.2 In contrast, there is a state-word 'to exist' in opposition to 
    'to non-exist'.
     Hence, 'Spock was sick' > 'Spock sicked + ended being sick'
            'Spock was commander' > 'Spock-commander + precise temporal'

6.3. In addition, Vulcan has a state-word which cannot be translated
     only interpreted as meaning, approx., "neither exist, nor non-exist"
     or, in certain situational context, "being beyond" i.e. being beyond
     categories of time-space, beyond space-time continuum. This refers to
     "regions" wheter actual or mental (e.g. in meditation) which are 
     beyond 'our' space-time coordinates.

6.4  Action/State words do have a category which can roughly be designated
     as aspectral or "Aktionsart".

     1. Timeless action/state (still being in the state of preliminary
        discussions). Probably an action/state which has neither beginning
        nor end, and still is. e.g. th'kroy - I stop [?]

     2. Continuous present; Action/state which exists at the present time
        without determination of its begining or end. 
        Morphene - infix MU.
        e.g. tixoy (live); in Cont. Pres. tiMUxoy, e.g. s'tiMUxoy - 'you 
        are living'

     3. Action/State to be contintued; e.g. 'I am eating ( and have not 
        finished eatingm but once shall finish eating).' 
        Morphene - infix CU [tsu]
        e.g. spara (eat); th'spaCUra - 'I am eating' 

     4. Action/State to be terminated; e.g. ' I (finish) eating fast'
        Morphene -infix KSE
        e.g. th'spaKSEra - 'I (finish) eating',
             brax th'spaKSEra - 'I'll be finished eating fast/soon'

    5.  Action in past still going on; e.g. ' I stopped to talk to my friend'
        i.e. 'I stopped {and am still standing and talkinf}'
        Morpheme -infix ZO:
        e.g. Kroy (stop); kroyZO: - 'to have stopped (and still not moving)
        cf. th'at t'hylaha prala'at'ha th'kroyZO: - literally 'my friend [
        dative] speaking [dative] I stopped'*

* Dative of verb-noun = "in order to" i.e. I stopped in order to talk to my
  friend.

    6.  Action in past finished (terminated);
        Morphene -infix PE 
        e.g. th'spaPEra - ' I have eaten'

    7.  Intentional Future;, 
        Morphene -infix DZHA
        e.g. th'kroyDZHA - 'I will stop'

    8.  Non-intentional Future;
        Morphene -infix DZHU
        e.g. th'ranDZHU - 'I might kill' (I may have to kill in the future).

    9.  Negative verb
        Morphene -infix I
        e.g. th'rIan - 'I don't kill'
             rIankah - 'Do not Kill!'

6.5 Action/State words have the following basic forms.
    1.  STEM; e.g. Kroy (stop) Ran (kill), Kapra (calculate)
    2.  IMPERARIVE; .e.g. rankah (ran-kah) 'Kill!'
        PROHIBITIVE e.g. rIankah (see above)
    3.  PERMISIVE;  e.g. Kroma (Kroy-ma) 'may stop'
    4.  VERB-NOUN; e.g. ranat (Ran-at) ' killing'

EXAMPLES of utterances:

1. Kirkhi rankah - 'Kill Kirk!' Not to be confused with:
   Kirka: rankah - 'Kirk, Kill!'

2. Spockhi smoniyatha th'kroyDZHA - 'I will stop in order to wait for Spock'
   (Lit. Spock[object case] wait[verb-noun dative] I stop[intential future])

3. Spock kreylaong plomikon spaCUra - 'Spock eats Vulcan biscuits and 
   Plomik-soup.

To conclude this section consisting of 6 Chapters our Vulcan advisor
(name and address has to be witheld for privacy reasons) has given us a
Vulcan poem that MAY have been composed by Surak. Loosly translated
it goes thus: (It has to do with Life and Death)

" Suddenly light
  Sudden;y dark - 
  I am a shooting star too."


in Vulcan:

" Kh'liorah brax                (light fast/suddenly)
  Niorah brax -                 (dark fast/suddenly)
  kahs'khiori th'thya."         (shooting star self)


Observe the initial "rhyme" of the syllables -io- which carry the main
stress, as well as the sequence -io- in the 3rd verse.